The weather strip adhesive sold in auto parts stores works great. They also sell respirator mask. The solvent in the adhesive is a volitile organic compound. That means it dries very rapidly and the harmful VOC component is totally evaporated and gone away into the air in just a couple of minutes. Working outside in the wide open air for a just few minutes of time you are at zero risk long term brain damage from fixing those loose areas even if you do not put on a respirator.
Maybe you do not realize that rubbing alcohol is also a VOC. So is the gasoline you pump into your car. You get lots of VOC exposure over your life time. Brain cells die and new brain cells grow. But using that adhesive in the open air to fix your weatherstripping is simply not going to put you at any great risk of loosing a bunch of brain cells.
Get some nitrile gloves at the auto parts store to keep the adhesive off your skin. Pre clean the surfaces you will be applying the adhesive to. Open the tube, apply the small amount of adhesive needed, put the cap back on the tube, press the weatherstrip back into place. Walk away and get on with other chores. Your brain will still be in as good a shape as it was before you started that quick fix because IT IS NOT LONG TERM DAILY EXPOSURE of the type that causes brain damage.
I will be around Quartzsite this winter. If you are too anxious to fix your weatherstripping just show up with a tube of adhesive and I will reattach it for you with no loss of brain cells for either of us as long as you do not try to lecture me on VOC exposure risk. I learned about that, not from the internet, but from sitting through actual classes professionally taught by experts on the subject.