The 3 primary concerns in determining if your communication is safe between your phone and remote party is safe are; 1) connection, 2) the application initiating the transmission on your end, and the receiving company application, and 3) the operating environment on your end, assuming the company is safe.
There will always be risks, but the following should minimize them.
1) Public wifi is not safe. Every cracker wannabe is out there sniffing them. Don't use it unless you have a trusted VPN connection. Finding a trusted VPN is another story altogether. Assuming you find a trusted VPN provider finding public wifi may or may not be convenient.
Using a phone providers 4G. This is a better option as typically the only sniffing devices are law enforcement and they are not concerned about your packets from your phone to your bank, assuming you are not the target for some type of investigation.
2) You must be using a trusted app for your connection. One that is encrypting the data at the app level before it even gets onto the network. What is a trusted app? Unless you have the ability to sniff the packets yourself to test, then its best to only place trust in the major apps such as a national bank app, major retailer etc. If its a small fish company, you might consider using your bank to send payments instead of using the small companies app. This is a bit of common sense. All companies have bugs in their code, but the big ones are working harder to find and correct them. The small guys may or may not be doing as good a job. If in doubt research the company.
3) Is your phone operating environment secure? Not to open a can of worms but of the two major phone operating systems, Android and iOS, I personally only trust iOS. This is a major topic. If you are truly concerned with security I would suggest reading the iOS security white paper, and they also do some research in Android, it's vulnerabilities, fragmentation, malware and slow updates.